Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций
Шрифт:
There are 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles. Their fibers run anteriorly and inferiorly in the intercostal spaces from the rib above to the rib below.
These muscles fill the intercostal spaces from the tubercles of ribs posteriorly to the costochondral junctions anteriorly; they are replaced anteriorly by external intercostal membranes. Internal intercostal muscles: there are 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles. Their fibers run posteriorly and inferiorly in the intercostal spaces deep to the external layer.
These muscles fill the intercostal spaces anteriorly from the sternum to the angles of the ribs posteriorly; they are replaced posteriorly by internal intercostal membranes.
Innermost intercostal muscles: the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles are the innermost intercostal muscles.
These muscles are separated from the internal intercostal muscles by intercostal nerves and vessels.
Subcostalis portion: Fibers extend from the inner surface of the angle of one rib to the rib that is inferior to it.
Fibers may cross more than one intercostal space, Transversus tho-racis portion: Fibers attach posteriorly to the sternum. Fibers cross more than one intercostal space.
Internal thoracic vessels, branches of the subclavian arteries, run anterior to these fibers. Intercostal structures
Intercostal nerves: there are 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 11 intercostal pairs, and 1 subcostal pair.
Intercostal nerves are the ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. These nerves supply the skin and musculature of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
Intercostal arteries: there are 12 pairs of posterior and anterior arteries, 11 intercostal pairs, and 1 subcostal pair.
Anterior intercostal arteries.
Pairs 1-6 are derived from the internal thoracic arteries.
Pairs 7-9 are derived from the musculophrenic arteries.
There are no anterior intercostal arteries in the last two spaces; these spaces are supplied by branches of the pos terior intercostal arteries.
Posterior intercostal arteries: the first two pairs arise from the superior intercostal artery, a branch of the costocervical trunk of the subcla vian artery.
Nine pairs of intercostal and one pair of subcostal arter ies arise from the thoracic aorta.
Intercostal veins: Anterior branches of the intercostal veins drain to the internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins.
Posterior branches drain to the azygos system of veins.
Lymphatic drainage of intercostal spaces: anterior drainage is to the internal thoracic (parasternal) nodes.
Posterior drainage is to the paraaortic nodes of the poste rior mediastinum.
New words
thoracic –
wall – стенка
below – под
sternum – грудина
clavicle – ключица
xiphisternal – грудинный
true –
false – фальшивый
groove – углубление
above – над
anteriorly – раньше
intercostal – межреберный
subcostal – подкостный
portion – часть
transversus – поперечный
musculophrenic – мышечный грудобрюшной
paraaortic – парааортальный
mediastinum – средостение
Запомните следующее застывшее словосочетание.
I to watch _ TV
Если перед существительным стоит вопросительное или относительное местоимение, артикль опускается.
E. g. What colour is your cat?
I want to know what _ book you are reading.
Заполните пропуски, где необходимо.
1. My… aunt and my… uncle are… doctors.
2. They work at… hospital.
3. They get up at seven o'clock in… morning.
4. They go to… bed at eleven o'clock.
5. I work in… morning and in. after noon.
6. I don't work in… evening. I sleep at… night.
7. When do you leave… home for… school?
8. I leave… home at… quarter past eight in… morning.
9. What does your mother do after… breakfast?
10. She goes to… work.
11. Is there… sofa in your… living-room?
12. Yes, there is… cosy little… sofa in… living-room.
13. Where is… sofa? – It is in… corner of… room to… left of… door.
14. I like to sit on this… sofa in… front of… TV-set in… evening.
15. There is… nice coffee-table near… window.
16. There are… newspapers on… coffee-table.
17. There is… tea in… glass.
18. When do you watch… TV? – I watch TV in… evening.
19. We have… large colour TV-set in our… room.
20. There is. beautiful vase on… TV-set. There are… flowers in… vase.
Answer the questions.
1. How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
2. What does each rib articulate with?
3. What does the manubrium articulates with?
4. With how many ribs does the body articulates directly?
5. How many pairs of ribs are there?
6. How are termed ribs 1-7?
7. How are termed ribs 8-10?
8. How are classified ribs 11-12?
9. How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
10. What does intercostal nerves supply?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 15. Blood