Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций
Шрифт:
The nervous system of higher animals is characterized by the multiplicity of cellular forms and intercellular connections and by the complexity of its functioning. This multiplicity and complexity is the chief feature that distinguishes the nervous tissues from other tissue which are essentially of uniform structure and function.
Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cells which have the power of contracting or reducing their length. This property of contraction is ultimately a molecular phenomenon and is due to the presence of protein molecules. The following three types of muscle tissue occur in the body.
Smooth muscle tissue is found in sheet or tubes forming the walls of many hollow or tubular organs, for example the bladder, the intes tines of blood vessels. The cells forming this tissue are long spin dles with a central oval nucleus. They are usually packed together with all little connective tissue between them.
Striated muscle tissue is composed of cylindrical fibres often of great at length in which separate cells cannot be distinguished. Many small nuclei are found in the fibres lie just under the surface. Cardiac muscle resembles striated muscle in its structure, but smooth one in its action.
New words
tissue –
group – группа
to work – работать
to do – делать
special – особенный, специальный
job – работа
water – вода
gas – газ
liquid – жидкость
epithelial – эпителиальный
layer – слой
muscle – мышца
to occur – встречаться
body – тело
flexible – гибкий
elastic – эластичный
nucleus – ядро
smooth – гладкий
fibre – волокно
cardiac – сердечный
Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается. Определенный артикль the употребляется и с исчисляемыми, и с неисчисляемыми существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.
E. g. This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).
This is – meat. The meat is fresh (неисчисляемое).
These are – books. The books are good (множественное число).
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is… pen… pen is red.
2. These are pencils.. pencils are black.
3. This is… soup… soup is tasty.
4. In the morning I eat… sandwich and drink… tea.
5. She gave me… coffee and. cake.. coffee was hot and. cake was tasty.
6. Do you like… ice-cream?
7. I see… book in your… hand. Is… book interesting?
8. She bought… meat,… butter and… potatoes yesterday.
9. She also bought… cake… cake was very… tasty. We ate… cake with. tea.
10. This is… bag… bag is brown.
11. It is my sister's… bag.
12. And this is my… bag. It is… yellow.
13. This is. tree.. tree is green.
14. I can see… boys… boys are playing.
15. I have.bicycle… bicycle is black. My friend has no… bicycle.
16. Our… room is large.
17. We wrote… dictation yesterday… dictation was long.
18. She has two… daughters and one… son. Her… son is… pupil.
19. My… brother's… friend has no… dog.
20. This… pencil is broken. Give me that… pencil, please.
21. She has… ball… ball is… big.
22. I got… letter from my… friend yesterday… letter was interesting.
Answer the questions.
1. What is tissue?
2. What are the tissues made of?
3. How many per cents of water do the cells contain?
4. What is dissolved in water?
5. What reactions are necessary for proper body function?
6. What substance is called tissue fluid?
7. How many groups are in the tissue classification?
8. What is lining cellular layer called?
9. What cells form the nervous tissues?
10. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите
1) a) tissue; b) body; c) pen;
2) a) water; b) cell; c) circle;
3) a) muscle; b) arm; c) cold;
4) a) elastic; b) smooth; c) brick;
5) a) fibre; b) cardiac; c) line.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 3. Epidermis
The integument consists of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and associated appendages (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, and nails). Considered the largest body organ, the integument comprises approximately 16% of total body weight. It is a highly specialized organ that functions to protect the body from injury, desiccation, and infection. It also participates in sensory reception, excretion, thermoregulation, and maintenance of water balance.
Epidermis is the outermost layer of the integument. It is a stratified squamous epithelial layer of ectodermal origin.
Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial consist of four strata. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) is a proliferative basal layer of columnar-like cells that contain the fibrous protein keratin. Stratum spinosum is a multilaminar layer of cuboidal-like cells that are bound together by means of numerous cytoplasmic extensions and des-mosomal junctions.
Stratum granulosum consists of flat polygonal cells filled with ba-sophilic keratohyalin granules. Viewed at the electron microscopic level, these cells also contain numerous mem brane-coating granules. Stratum corneum is the superficial stratum of dead cells and consists of several to many layers of flat, anucleated, and cornified (kerati-nized) cells. In the epidermis of the palms and soles, a thin, transitional zone of flat eosinophilic or pale-staining anucleated cells may occur as the stratum lucidum. This layer is found only in regions with a thick strata corneum.