Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций
Шрифт:
New words
gastrointestinal tract – желудочно-кишечный тракт
associated – связанный
collectively – все вместе
digestive system – пищеварительная система
responsible – ответственный
receiving – получение
food – пища (еда)
breaking – ломка (нарушение)
using – использование
enzymes – ферменты
intestinal tract – кишечный тракт
absorption – поглощение
eliminating – устранение
undigested – неусвоенный
metabolic wastes – метаболические
alimentary –
extends – пищевой
anus – задний проход
tube – труба
tract – трактат
round – вокруг
esophagus – пищевод
diaphragm – диафрагма
abdominal – брюшной
pylorus – пилорус pyloric
sphincter – пилорический сфинктер
coiled up – свернутый
Future simple tense (действие совершится в будущем)
Спряжение глагола to work в Future simple tense Таблица 9
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous, Present Simple или в Future Simple.
1. When you (to get) up every day? – I (to get) up at seven o'clock.
2. My brother usually (not to get) up at seven o'clock. As a rule, he
(to get) up at six o'clock, but tomorrow he (to get) up at seven o'clock.
3. Why she (to come) home so late to morrow?
4. We (to go) to the country the day after tomorrow.
5. Our friends always (to go) to the country for the week-end.
6. Look! The kitten (to play) with its tail.
7. Your parents (to watch) TV now?
8. My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) mother in the kitchen. She (to help) mother in the kitchen every day.
9. Where she (to go) tomorrow?
10. She (to go) to the country with us tomorrow?
11. They (to stay) at home tomorrow.
12. What you (to do) now? I (to see) that you (not to read).
13. When you (to finish) your homework? It (to be) very late, it (to be) time to go to bed.
14. How you usually (to spend) evenings?
15. What you (to do) in the country next summer?
16. They (not to drink) ten now. I (to think) they (to watch) TV.
17. What your father (to drink) in the evening?
Answer the questions.
1. How are the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs collectively called?
2. What is the digestive system responsible for?
3. Where does the alimentary canal extend?
4. What shape do the alimentary canal have?
5. Has the tract a very good blood sup ply?
6. Why the tract has a very good blood sup ply?
7. What is behind the nose and the mouth?
8. What leads from the pharynx?
9. Under what does the stomach lie?
10. How does the shape of the stomach vary?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 39. The progess of digestion
The process of digestion begins when food is taken into the mouth. Chewing
Although enzymatic action begins in the mouth, the major processes of digestion do not occur until the food passes down through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach has both a chemical and a physical function. The walls of the stomach, which are protected by a layer of mucus, secrete gastric juices composed of several enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The most powerful enzyme is pepsin, which begins the process of converting proteins into amino acids. In addition, during these chemical reactions waves of contraction; and relaxation, known as peristalsis, move the walls of the stomach. They turn the food particles into a'semi-sqlid mass known as chyme.
From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. Much undigested food is still present Proteins have not been completely broken down, carbohydrates are still being converted into simple sugars, and fats remain in large globules. In the small intestine the process of digestion is completed by the action of the bile, which is secreted by the liver and released by the gallbladder, and by the action of various enzymes which are secreted by the pancreas and walls of the small in testine. Food which are still undigested pass on in a liquid state into large intestine. Absorption of the products of digestion taken place mainly through the wall of the small intestine.
Digestion
Chewing movements of the teeth, tongue, cheeks, lips and lower jaw break down food, mix it with saliva and roll it into a moist, soft mass called a bolus, suitable for swallowing.
Having been rendered suitable for swallowing the food is pushed back into the pharynx by the tongue, and enters the esopha gus to be transported rapidly down the neck and thorax, through the diaphragm to the stomach. The mucous membrane of the stomach is equipped with millions of glands secreting mucus, digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
The small intestine is the region within which the process of digestion is completed and its products are absorbed. Although its epithelial lining forms many small glands, they mainly produce mucus. Most of the enzymes present are secreted by the pancreas, whose duct, opens into the duodenum. Bile from the liver also enters the duodenum.
The absorption of the product's of digestion also takes place in the small intestine, although water, salts, and glucose are ab sorbed from the stomach and the large intestine.