Галерея российских царей
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С целью пресечь государственные перевороты Павел Петрович подписал закон о престолонаследии, который запрещал императору назначать себе преемника. Трон теперь наследовался строго по мужской линии старшим сыном или, в случае бездетности, братом.
Жесткое правление Павла I породило недовольство. В 1801 году гвардейские офицеры организовали заговор против императора. Павел Петрович был убит в собственной спальне в Михайловском дворце в ночь с 11 на 12 марта 1801 года.
Pavel Petrovich, a son to Peter III and Catherine II, inherited the throne of his father, but came to power only on the decease of his mother.
Paul was an eager opponent of Catherine’s innovations, he considered it necessary to limit the privileges of the nobility, but the mother would not allow him to participate in political life. Pavel Petrovich silently waited for his time in Gatchina Palace. Naturally, on coming to power, first of all he began to destroy the establishments of Catherine. He deprived the nobility of certain rights, promoted the soldiering, and introduced the strict discipline in the army. Paul I tried to bring the manners of barrack discipline in the civilian life as well, and introduced the tough censorship.
In order to put an end to the coups d’etat, Pavel Petrovich signed the law of succession that prevented the emperors from appointing a heir. Ever since, the throne was to be inherited strictly through the male line of the eldest son or, if childless, his brother.
The rigid rule of Paul I led to discontent. In 1801, officers of the Guards arranged a plot against the emperor. Pavel Petrovich was assasinated in his bedroom in Mikhailovskiy Palace on the night of March 11 to 12, 1801.
Александр I Alexander I 1801-1825
Александр I
Летом 1812 года Наполеон с союзными войсками вторгся на территорию России. Армия Александра I сначала отступала под натиском врага, но потом, накопив силы, почти полностью уничтожила наполеоновские отряды. В 1814 году Александр победно вступил в поверженный Париж.
В 1825 году Александр Павлович отправился в Таганрог, чтобы в южном климате поддержать здоровье жены, но этот город стал для него последним пристанищем, — 1 декабря 1825 года император скончался от брюшного тифа.
Alexander I ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Paul I. As soon as on getting the rule, he restored the validity of the Granted Charter to Nobility cancelled by his father, and brought back to the royal court the public figures disgraced by Paul Petrovich. In the early days of his reign, Alexander Pavlovich kept a liberal policy: he gave the opportunity to receive education to the representatives of all social classes, signed a decree establishing the status of free ploughmen, according to which the right to set free the serfs was bestowed on the landowners. Later reforms of the emperor revealed his tendency to autocracy: he established the police regime and strict censorship, and prohibited the activities of secret societies.
In summer of 1812, Napoleon and the allied troops invaded Russia. At first, the army of Alexander I retreated on facing the urge of the enemy, but then gained strength and almost completely annihilated Napoleon’s troops. In 1814, Alexander triumphantly entered Paris defeated.
In 1825, Alexander Pavlovich went to Taganrog, aiming at convalescence of his wife in southern climate, but this town became his last shelter — on December 1, 1825, the Emperor died of typhoid fever.
Николай I Nicholas I 1825-1855
Николай I —
После пережитых потрясений Николай Павлович старался быть в курсе общественного мнения и по возможности влиять на него. Государь основал тайную полицию, наложил жесточайшую цензуру на литературу и искусство.
По приказу Николая I строились шоссейные дороги, проводился электрический телеграф, была построена первая железная дорога. Во время его правления Россия участвовала в кавказской, персидской, турецкой войнах. Скончался император в 1855 году, в разгар Крымской войны.
Nicholas I was the third son to Paul I. As the issue of Alexander Pavlovich did not survived, the supposed emperor was the second-eldest of the brothers, Constantine. However, he renounced the throne. The refusal was unknown beyond the very narrow circles, and on the death of Alexander military regiments began to vow allegiance to Constantine. The announcement that the throne would go to mostly disliked Nicholas caused the question whether the revision of the vows was legal. The uncertainty with the succession led to the Decembrist Mutiny — in fact, the mutineers demanded the reformation of state government. In this situation, Nicholas I showed firm determination and prevented the coup d’etat. The mutineers were arrested, five of them were executed.
After the upheaval experienced, Nicholas Pavlovich strove for being informed of public opinion, and took every opportunity to influence it. The emperor established a secret police and imposed the most severe censorship over literature and arts.
By order of Nicholas I, the roads were built, the electric telegraph was introduced, and the first railroad began its operation. During his reign, Russia participated in the Caucasus, Persian, Turkish wars. The emperor died in 1855 at the very swing of the Crimean War.
Александр II Alexander II 1855-1881
Александр Николаевич воспитывался как наследник престола, он полностью разделял взгляды отца, Николая I, и рано начал принимать участие в государственной деятельности. Вступил Александр на престол, когда Россия проигрывала Крымскую войну. В народе стоял ропот, царское правление подвергалось критике, усилились крестьянские восстания. Александр II решил ускорить решение крестьянского вопроса, а также начал проводить освободительные реформы: ликвидировал цензурный комитет, разрешил открывать независимые печатные издания, объявил амнистию декабристам и Петрашевцам.