Пределы роста. 30 лет спустя
Шрифт:
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2. Aijun Makhijani, Annie Makhijani, and Amanda Bickel, Saving Our Skins: Technical Potential and Policies for the Elimination of Ozone-Depleting Chlorine Compounds (Washington, DC: Environmental Policy Institute and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, September 1988), 83. Available from the Environmental Policy Institute, 218 О Street SE, Washington, DC 20003.
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3.
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4. В. К. Armstrong and A. Kricker, “Epidemiology of Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer”, Cancer Surveys 26 (1996): 133–153.
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5. См., например, Robin Russell Jones, “Ozone Depletion and Cancer Risk”, Lancet (August 22,1987), 443; “Skin Cancer in Australia”, Medical Journal of Australia (May 1,1989); Alan Atwood, “The Great Cover-up”, Time (Australia), 27 February 1989; Medwin M. Mintzis, “Skin Cancer: The Price fora Depleted Ozone Layer”, EPA Journal (December 1986).
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6. Osmund Holm-Hansen, E. W. Heibling, and Dan Lubin, “Ultraviolet Radiation in Antarctica: Inhibition of Primary Production”, Photochemistry and Photobiology 58, no. 4 (1993): 567–570.
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7. A.H. Teramura and J.H. Sullivan, “How Increased Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation May Impact Agricultural Productivity”, in Coping with Climate Change (Washington, DC: Climate Institute, 1989), 203.
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8. Richard S. Stolarski and Ralph J. Cicerone, “Stratospheric Chlorine: A Possible Sink for Ozone”, Canadian Journal of Chemistry 52 (1974): 1610.
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9. Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone”, Nature 249 (1974): 810. За это исследование Молина и Роуладц были удостоины Нобелевской премии в обдасти химии в 1995 г.
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10. Цитируется: Richard Е. Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1991), 12.
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11. J.C. Farman, B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin, “Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal C10/N02 Interaction”, Nature 315 (1985): 207.
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12. Период, в течение которого оборудование замеряло необычайно низкое содержание озона, но результаты отсеивались программно, и ученые их не видели, описаны в работе: Paul Brodeur, Annals of Chemistry, 71.
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13. J.G. Anderson, W.H. Brune, and M.J. Proffitt, “Ozone Destruction by Chlorine Radicals within the Antarctic Vortex: The Spatial and Temporal Evolution of ClO-03 Anticorrelation Based on in Situ ER-2 Data”, Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (August 30, 1989): 11,474.
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14. Mario J. Molina, “The Antarctic Ozone Hole”, Oceanus 31 (Summer 1988).
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15.
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16. Политический процесс правдиво и полно описал Ричард Бенедик (Richard Benedick), который был главным переговорщиком от США: R. Е. Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1998).
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17. Там же, 215.
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18. United Nations Environment Program, “Synthesis of the Reports of the Scientific Assessment Panel and Technology and Economic Assessment Panel on the Impact of HCFC and Methyl Bromide Emissions”, Nairobi, March 1995, section 4.
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19. World Meteorological Organization, “Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002”, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report 47, available at www.unep.org/ozone.
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20. К тому времени подразделение UNEP, ответственное за сбор информации, прекратило публикацию регулярных по времени данных, поскольку год от года точность информации менялась. См. материалы “Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1989–2000” (Nairobi: UNEP, 2002), доступные на веб-сайте www.unep.ch/ozone/. Статистика по производству приводится в таблицах 1 и 2,18 и далее.
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21. F. A. Vogelsberg, “An Industry Perspective: Lessons Learned and the Cost of the CFC Phaseout”. Статья была представлена на конференции International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies, Washington, DC, October 1996.
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22. Richard A. Kerr, “Deep Chill Triggers Record Ozone Hole”, Science 282 (October 16,1998): 391.
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