Секреты лаборатории питания. Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет
Шрифт:
34. Poulton, “No Fat Chicks”. См. также: Lesley, “What’s Wrong with Fat-Shaming?”.
35. Пример можно найти в работе: Rod Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”, Spectator, October 19, 2013.
36. Daniel Callahan, “Obesity: Chasing an Elusive Epidemic”, Hastings Center Report 43, no. 1 (2013): 34—40, doi:10.1002/hast.H4. Помимо этого, автор заявляет, что порицание курильщиков в последние десятилетия помогло уменьшить их количество. Неясно, правда ли это, но даже если так, то совсем необязательно, что такой метод применим и для борьбы с ожирением (судя по
37. Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”.
38. Brenda Major et al., “The Ironic Effects of Weight Stigma”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 51 (March 2014): 74-80, doi:10.1016/j. jesp.2013.11.009.
39. Подтверждают это и другие эксперименты. См.: Elizabeth А. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, “Effect of Discrimination on Food Decisions”, Self and Identity 10, no. 3 (July 2011): 396-406, doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.526384; Natasha A. Schvey, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 10 (October 2011): 1957-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2011.204; Rebecca Puhl, Joerg Luedicke, and Jamie Lee Peterson, “Public Reactions to Obesity-Related Health Campaigns: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 36-48, doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2013.02.010.
40. Lenny R. Vartanian and Sarah A. Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 4 (April 2011): 757-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234; Lenny R. Vartanian and Jacqueline G. Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior: A Preliminary Investigation among College-Aged Females”, Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 131-38, doi: 10.1177/1359105307084318.
41. Jason D. Seacat and Kristin D. Mickelson, “Stereotype Threat and the Exercise / Dietary Health Intentions of Overweight Women”, Journal of Health Psychology 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 556-67, doi: 10.1177/1359105309103575.
42. Vartanian and Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior”; Vartanian and Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”.
43. Чисто технически это предотвращало ожидаемое понижение уровня кортизола. Schvey, Puhl, and Brownell, “The Stress of Stigma”. См. также: Tomiyama et al., “Associations of Weight Stigma with Cortisol and Oxidative Stress Independent of Adiposity”.
44. Полным актерам достается лишь 5% главных ролей в телешоу, а для съемок в фильме не считается обязательным заключать с ними контракт. Bradley S. Greenberg et al., “Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television”, American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 8 (August 10, 2003): 1342^8, doi: 10.2105/ AJPH.93.8.1342.
45. Jeffrey M. Hunger and A. Janet Tomiyama, “Weight Labeling and Obesity”, JAMA Pediatrics (April 28, 2014), doi: 10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2014.122. Статистические данные о взрослых см. в работе: Angelina R. Sutin and Antonio Terracciano, “Perceived Weight Discrimination and Obesity”, ed. Robert L. Newton, PloS One 8, no. 7 (January 2013): e70048, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070048.
46. Flegal et al., “Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index among US Adults, 1999-2010”.
47. Tatiana Andreyeva, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “Changes in Perceived Weight Discrimination among Americans, 1995-1996 through 2004-2006”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 16, no. 5 (May 2008): 1129-34, doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.35.
48. Gordon W. Allport, “The Nature of Prejudice” (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954).
49. S. S. Wang, K. D. Brownell, and T. A. Wadden, “The Influence of the Stigma of Obesity on Overweight Individuals”, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1333-7, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730.
50. Tracy Moore, “I Don’t Love (or Hate) My Body — and So Can You!”, Jezebel.com, 2014, http://jezebel.com/i-dont-love-or-hate-my-body-and-so-can-you-1557099034.
51. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, “The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls” (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).
52. Там же.
53. “Gym, Health & Fitness Clubs in the US: Market Research Report”, IBISWorld.com, 2014,aspx?indid=1655.
54. Se-Jin Lee, “Regulation of Muscle Mass by Myostatin”, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (January 8, 2004): 61-86, doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.135836.
55. Frank Bruni, “These Wretched Vessels”, New York Times, December 24, 2012.
1. Четкая позиция по данному вопросу сформулирована в работе: Amy Luke and Richard S. Cooper, “Physical Activity Does Not Influence Obesity Risk: Time to Clarify the Public Health Message”, International Journal of Epidemiology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1831-36, doi:10.1093/ije/dytl59. Для ознакомления с противоположной точкой зрения см.: James О. Hill and John С. Peters, “Commentary: Physical Activity and Weight Control”, International Journal of Epidemiology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1840-42, doi: 10.1093/ije/dytl61.
2. Один из девяти фактов об ожирении, представленных в работе: Casazza et al., “Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity”.
3. Petra Stiegler and Adam Cunliffe, “The Role of Diet and Exercise for the Maintenance of Fat-Free Mass and Resting Metabolic Rate during
Weight Loss”, Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 36, no. 3 (January 2006): 239-62.
4. N. A. King et al., “The Interaction between Exercise, Appetite, and Food Intake: Implications for Weight Control”, American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 7, no. 4 (February 6, 2013): 265-73, doi: 10.1177/1559827613475584; Catia Martins et al., “Effects of Exercise on Gut Peptides, Energy Intake and Appetite”, Journal of Endocrinology 193, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 251-58, doi:10.1677/JOE-06-0030.