Умная толпа

Рейнгольд Говард

55. Bernardo A. Huberman, «The Social Mind», in Origins of the Human Brain, ed. Jean-Pierre Changeux and Jean Chavaillon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 250.

56. Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine, and Bernardo Huberman, «Forecasting Uncertain Events with Small Groups», HP Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, 3 August 2001, «

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=278601

» (6 March 2002).

57. Norman Johnson et al., «Symbiotic Intelligence: Self-Organizing Knowledge on Distributed Networks, Driven by Human Interaction», в отчете Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Complex Adaptive Systems, No. 6), ed.

С Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor (Cambridge: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1998).

58. George Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997).

59. Johnson et al, «Symbiotic Intelligence».

Глава 8

1. Epigraph: Langdon Winner, «Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?» Tech Knowledge Review 3.23, 27 July 2001. «

http:// www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/2001/Jul2701_121. html#3

», 17 March 2002.

2. Epigraph: Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

3. Rich Ling and Per Helmersen, «It Must Be Necessary, It Has to Cover a Need: The Adoption of Mobile Telephony Among Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents», in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 19-23, «

http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brukere/ seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedmgs%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf

» (4 February 2002).

4. Nicola Green, «Outwardly Mobile: Young People and Mobile Technologies», in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, and Public Performance, ed. by Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Look Who's Talking», Wired 7.01, January 1999, «

http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/7.01/amish.html

» (18 March 2002).

6. Jane Wakefield, «Watching Your Every Move», BBC News Online, 7 February 2002, «

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_ 1789000/1789157. stm

» (16 March 2002).

7. Stuart Millar and Paul Kelso, «Liberties Fear Over Mobile Phone Details», The Guardian, 27 October 2001, «

http://politics.guardian.co.uk/ attacks/story/0,1320,581861,00.html

» (18 March 2002).

8. Declan McCullagh, «Call It Super Bowl Face Scan 1», Wired News, 2 February 2001, «

http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,41571,00.html

» (18 March 2002).

9. Ryan Naraine, «Face Recognition, Via Cell-Phones», Symobile, 27 March 2002, «

http://www.symobile.com/comtex/content.cfm?transmit_id=2002086a9917

» (29 March 2002).

10. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Martin Seeker and Warburg, 1949).

11. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).

12. Steve Mann,

«Smart Clothing: The Wearable Computer and Wear-Cam», Personal Technologies 1, 1 (March 1997), «

http://wearcam.org/ personaltechnologies/

» (18 March 2002).

13. Steven K. Feiner, «The Importance of Being Mobile: Some Social Consequences of Wearable Augmented Reality Systems», Proceedings of IWAR 99 (International Workshop on Augmented Reality), San Francisco, California, 20-21 October, 1999, 145-148, «

http://

www.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/publications/FEINERiwar99.pdf

» (18 March 2002).

14. Graeme Wearden, «Can 3G Phones Capture Criminals?» ZDNet News, 22 March 2002, «

http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1105-867005.html

» (27 March 2002).

15. Gary T. Marx, «The Surveillance Society: The Threat of 1984-Style Techniques», The Futurist, June 1985, 21-26.

16. Gary T Marx, Undercover: Police Surveillance in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

17. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 39.

18. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison (London: Tavistock, 1977), 27.

19. Michel Foucault, «Panopticism», in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 195-228.

20. Winner, «Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?»

21. Jan English-Leuck et al, The Silicon Valley Cultures Project, «

http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/

» (23 March 2002), quoted in Winner.

22. Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

23. D. C, Dryer, С Eisbach, and W S. Ark, «At What Cost Pervasive? A Social Computing View of Mobile Computing Systems», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999), «

http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ dryer.html

» (29 March 2002).

24. Mark Pesce, The Playful World. How Technology Is Transforming Our Imagination (New York: Ballantine, 2000). See also: The Playful World, «

http://www.playfulworld.com/

» (23 March 2002).

25. Leslie Haddon, «The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: Framing Questions», в отчете The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 2-6, «

http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brakere/seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedings%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf

» (31 January 2002).