UNIX — универсальная среда программирования

Керниган Брайан Уилсон

Функции и процедуры могут быть рекурсивными, но стек имеет ограниченную глубину (около сотни вызовов).

Примеры

• Ниже показано определение функции Аккерманна в

hoc

:

$ hoc

time ack {

 if ($1 == 0) return $2+1

 if ($2 ==0) return ack($1 - 1, 1)

 return ack($1 - 1, ack($1, $2 - 1))

}

ack(3,2)

 29

ack(3,3)

 61

ack(3,4)

 hoc:

стек слишком велик (строка 8)

...

• Формула Стирлинга:

$ hoc

func stirl {

 return sqrt(2 * $1 * PI) * ($1 / E) ^ $1 * (1 + 1 / (12 * $1))

}

stirl(10) 3628684.7

stirl(20) 2.4328818e+18

• Функция факториал n!

func fac if ($1 <= 0) return 1 else return $1 * fac($1 - 1)

Отношение факториала к приближению Стирлинга:

i = 9

while ((i = i + 1) <= 20) {

 print i, " ", fac(i)/stirl(i), "\n"

}

10 1.0000318

11 1.0000265

12 1.0000224

13 1.0000192

14 1.0000166

15 1.0000146

16 1.0000128

17 1.0000114

18 1.0000102

19 1.0000092

20 1.0000083

Приложение 3

Исходные тексты калькулятора

hoc

These files contain all the code from "The Unix Programming Environment", by Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike (Prentice Hall, 1984, ISBN 0-13-937681-X). A separate hoc6 distribution contains any fixes that we have applied to that; the version in this file is from the book.

Copyright © Lucent Technologies, 1997. All Rights Reserved

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both the copyright notice and this permission notice and warranty disclaimer appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lucent Technologies or any of its entities not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.

LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL LUCENT OR ANY OF ITS ENTITIES BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

3.1

hoc1

3.1.1

makefile

hoc1: hoc.o

cc hoc.o -o hoc1

3.1.2

hoc.y

%{

#define YYSTYPE double /* data type of yacc stack */

%}

%token NUMBER

%left '+' /* left associative, same precedence */

%left '*' '/' /* left assoc., higher precedence */

%%

list : /* nothing */

 | list '\n'

 | list expr '\n' { printf("\t%.8g\n", $2); }

 ;

expr: NUMBER { $$ = $1; }

 | expr '+' expr { $$ = $1 + $3; }

 | expr '-' expr { $$ = $1 - $3; }

 | expr '*' expr { $$ = $1 * $3; }

 | expr '/' expr { $$ = $1 / $3; }

 | '(' expr ')' { $$ = $2; }

 ;

%%

/* end of grammar */

#include <stdio.h>

#include <ctype.h>

char *progname; /* for error messages */

int lineno = 1;

main(argc, argv) /* hoc1 */

 char *argv[];

{

 progname = argv[0];

 yyparse;

}

yylex /* hoc1 */

{

 int c;

 while ((c=getchar) == ' ' || c == '\t')

;

 if (c == EOF)

return 0;

 if (c == '.' || isdigit(c)) { /* number */

ungetc(c, stdin);

 scanf("%lf", &yylval);

 return NUMBER;