Английский язык для медиков
Шрифт:
soap bubble – мыльный пузырь
inner – внутренний
to exert – проявить
interconnected – связанный
34. The nose
The respiratory system permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood by providing a thin cellular membrane deep in the lung that separates capillary blood from alveolar air. The system is divided into a conduct ing portion (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) that carries the gases during inspiration and expiration, and a respiratory portion (alveoli) that provides for gas exchange between air and blood.
The nose contains the paired nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum. Anteriorly, each cavity opens to the outside at a nostril (naris), and posteriorly, each cavity opens into the nasopharynx. Each cavity contains a vestibule, a respiratory area, and an olfactory area, and each cavity communicates with the paranasal sinuses.
Vestibule is located behind the nares and is continuous with the skin.
Epithelium is composed of stratified squamous cells that are similar to the contiguous skin.
Hairs and glands that extend into the underlying connective tissue constitute the first barrier to foreign particles entering the respiratory tract.
Posteriorly, the vestibular epithelium becomes pseudo—stratified, ciliated, and columnar with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium).
Respiratory area is the major portion of the nasal cavity.
Mucosa is composed of a pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and a subjacent fibrous lamina propria that contains mixed mucous and serous glands.
Mucus produced by the goblet cells and the glands is carried toward the pharynx by ciliary motion.
The lateral wall of each nasal cavity contains three bony pro jections, the conchae, which increase the surface area and pro mote warming of the inspired air. This region is richly vascularized and innervated.
Olfactory area is located superiorly and posteriorly in each of the nasal cavities.
The pseudostratified epithelium is composed of bipolar neu rons (olfactory cells), supporting cells, brush cells, and basalcells. The receptor portions of the bipolar neurons are modi fied dendrites with long, nonmotile cilia.
Under the epithelium, Bowman's glands produce serous fluid, which dissolves odorous substances.
Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones' that communicate with the nasal cavities.
The respiratory epithelium is similar to that of the nasal cavi ties except that it is thinner.
Numerous goblet cells produce mucus, which drains to the nasal passages. Few glands are found in the thin lamina propria.
New words
respiratory system –
oxygen – кислород
carbon – углерод
dioxide – диоксид
nasal cavity – носовая впадина
pharynx – зев
larynx – гортань
trachea – трахея
bronchi – бронхи
bronchioles – бронхиолы
nasal septum – носовая перегородка
nostril –
vestibule – вестибулярный
respiratory area – дыхательная область
olfactory area – обонятельная область
paranasal sinuses – параназальные пазухи
35. Nasopharynx and larynx
Nasopharynx is the first part of the pharynx.
It is lined by a pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar.
Epithelium with goblet cells: under the epithelium, a gland—containing connective tissue layer rests directly on the periosteum of the bone.
The cilia beat towards the oropharynx, which is composed of a stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium.
The pharyngeal tonsil, an aggregate of nodular and diffuse lymphatic tissue, is located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx subjacent to the epithelium. Hypertrophy of this tissue as a result of chronic inflammation results in a condition known as adenoiditis. Larynx is a passageway that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the voicebox. Its walls are composed of cartilage held together by fibroelastic connective tissue.
The mucous layer of the larynx forms two pairs of elastic tissue folds that extend into the lumen. The upper pair are called the vestibular folds (or false vocal cords), and the lower pair con stitute the true vocal cords. The epithelium of the ventral side of the epiglottis and of the vocal cords is composed of stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized cells. The remainder of the larynx is lined with ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium. All cilia, from the larynx to the lungs, beat upward toward the nasopharynx.
New words
nasopharynx – носоглотка
first – сначала
pseudostratified – псевдомногослойный
ciliated – снабженный ресничками
columnar – колоночный
epithelium – эпителий
goblet cells – кубические клетки
gland—containing – содержащий железу
connective tissue – соединительная ткань
layer – слой
directly – непосредственно
periosteum – надкостница
bone – кость
cilia – ресница
oropharynx – верхняя часть глотки
stratified – стратифицированный
squamous – чешуйчатый
nonkeratinized – некеритизированный
somewhere – где—нибудь, куда—нибудь, где—то, куда—то
36. Trachea
The trachea, a hollow cylinder supported by 16–20 cartilaginous rings, is continuous with the larynx above and the branching primary bronchi below.
Mucosa of the trachea consists of the typical respiratory epitheli um, an unusually thick basement membrane, and an underlying lamina propria that is rich in elastin. The lamina propria contains loose elastic tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and defensive cells. The outer edge of the lamina propria is defined by a dense network of elastic fibers.