Construction for dummies in Russia: save money and mind
Шрифт:
There are two types of expenses:
“ Prepaid ” – you spent money at a certain moment and received goods or services;
“With deferred payment” – you received goods and services, and you pay for them in a week or two, a month, and, if you're lucky, even after two.
The more detailed you set up planning, the better the result. But in general, the most convenient option is to conduct monthly planning. This should be reflected in the cost plan by date. In the “payment calendar” or “payment plan”, future expenses must be entered taking into account exactly when the need for payment arises, even if you have not yet received goods and services – we are planning for the future.
All expenses need to be planned. With permanent ones (rent, salary, taxes, loans, advertising, fuel, etc.) it is somewhat easier, half of them may not change from month to month, and each new project will require taking into account its specifics. There is no point in explaining how to build a cost plan by date or by project.
2. Accounting for income
In the same way as with expenses, we build a similar plan for cash receipts. For ordinary or core activities, it is relatively easy to plan these indicators. At the same time, each new project has its own specifics associated with the return on investment.
For example, if you take on the construction of an object for a year worth 120 million rubles, according to which the receipt of funds from the customer mainly occurs monthly upon completion of the work, which is stated in your contract, then on a monthly basis you can plan the receipt of revenue in the amount of 1/ 12 parts of the contract amount, i.e. 10 million rubles But some stages of work are more expensive, and some are cheaper – this must be planned and taken into account. In addition, there are projects that you finance for several months, and only then begin to receive a return on investment from them.
And we do the same for all existing projects on a monthly basis.
Do not duplicate or confuse individual indicators
Keep in mind that if you keep records of receipts without VAT, accordingly, its amount paid to the budget should not be included in the payment plan, since it is already “as if paid”. But to complete the picture, it is better to keep records of both revenue and cost including VAT, and take into account its amount in taxes planned for payment.
The same applies to depreciation charges. If you keep a record of them as part of the costs, do not forget to reflect the increase in the size of the depreciation fund in the cash balance, because. these funds are essentially real money, and when buying or repairing equipment (when spending), they are deducted from it.
It is also necessary to separate loan payments and payments to suppliers. What you pay suppliers is an expense. Interest on a loan is also an expense, and repayment of the principal amount of debts is reflected in the balance sheet as a reduction in debt to creditors.
We build a graph (table)
The principle of constructing cash flow ( cash flow ) is very simple, but very informative. We need to compare monthly revenue with expenses. You can accept other periods – at least a week, at least a quarter – but usually all payments occur within one month, and the consolidation of periods is acceptable for long-term planning of future and long-term projects, and not current and those that are already on the way.
The data taken as an example assumes the presence of profitability in the range from 10 to 20% and a certain lag in the return on invested funds from the start of project expenditures. The first project can be the main activity. And all the rest are either the same, meaning just an additional amount of work, or fundamentally different, but generating income.
Table 1
Cash Flow Calculation Example
Rice. 1. Graphical display of cash flow to Table 1
Explanations
Cash flow is defined as the difference between receipts and expenditures over a period—in our case, a month.
Cash at the beginning – in our example, this is a conditional 1000 rubles. free cash that you have at the very beginning of the period under review. It can be equal to zero or negative – but it should reflect the real state of affairs at the moment.
Accordingly, the amount at the end of the period is the amount of money at its beginning plus cash flow.
The amount at the beginning of each period is the amount at the end of the previous period, so in the table the amount at the end changes on an accrual basis throughout the year, incorporating the cash flow values in each of the periods.
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