Гендерное общество
Шрифт:
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1999.
Глава 2
1 ДжЛеви цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. New York: Warner Books, 1983. P. 61.
2 Todd 4. Woman's Rights. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1867. P. 26.
3 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women. New York: Doubleday, 1979. P. 111.
4 Цит. по: Degler C. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. P. 107.
5 Todd J. Woman's Rights. P. 25.
6 California State Historical Society Library, San Francisco, ms. № 2334.
аргументация использовалась для исключения женщин из общественной сферы, см.: Kimmel M. Introduction // Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776-1990, a Documentary History / Ed. M.Kimmel, T.Mosmiller. Boston: Beacon, 1992.
7 Цит. по: Gould S.J. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W.Norton, 1981. P. 104-105.
8 Clarke E.G. Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls. Boston: Osgood and Co., 1873. P. 152.
9 См.: Russet C.E. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
10 Существуют несколько важных текстов, с помощью которых хорошо парировать биологические аргументы.
Из них обязательны: Feminist Approaches to Science / Ed. R.Bleier. New York: Pergamon, 1986; Birke L. Women, Feminism and Biology: The Feminist Challenge. New York: Methuen, 1986; Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women
414
and Men. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Хорошее краткое изложение дано в книге: Blum D. Sex on the Brain: The Biological Differences between Men and Women. New York: Viking, 1997. Книга Р.Надо (Nadeau R. S/He Brain: Science, Sexual Politics and the Myths of Feminism. New York: Praeger, 1996) иллюстрирует легкость, с какой консерваторы и
антифеминисты используют эти исследования в своих интересах.
1 Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. P. 152; Wilson E.G. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978. P. 167.
12 Layng A. Why We Don't Act Like the Opposite Sex? // USA Today Magazine. 1993. January; Symons D. Darwinism and Contemporary Marriage // Contemporary Marriage: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Institution / Ed. K.Davis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1985. Цит. по: Degler C. Darwinians Confront Gender; or, There Is More to It Than History //
Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed. D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 39.
Wilson E. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Tiger L. Male Dominance? // The New York Times Magazine. 1970. October 25.
См., напр.; Stamps J. Sociobiology: Its Evolution and Intellectual Descendants // Politics and Life Sciences. 1995. Vol. 14. № 2.
16 Barash D. The Whisperings Within. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. R 54; см. также: Shields W.M., Shields L.M. Forcible Rape: An Evolutionary Perspective // Ethology and Sociobiology. 1983. Vol. 4. P. 119.
1 Alexander R., Noonan K.M. Concealment of Ovulation, Parental Care and Human Social Evolution // Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior / Ed. N.Chagnon, W.Irons. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury, 1979. P. 449.
I U
Lewontin R. Biological Determinism as a Social Weapon // Biology as a Social Weapon / Ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1977. P. 15; Gould S.J. Ever Since Tiarwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W.Norton, 1977. P. 254.
19 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984.
20
McDonald Pavelka M. Sexual Nature: What Can We Learn from a Cross-Species Perspective? // Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture /
Ed. P.Abrahamson,
S.Pinkerton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. P. 22.
DeMause L. Our Forbears Made Childhood a Nightmare // Psychology Today. 1975. April.
Burley N. The Evolution of Concealed Ovulation // The American Naturalist. 1979. Vol. 114; McDonald Pavelka M. Sexual Nature. R 19.
адаптировал данный краткий эпизод из этого текста).
23 См.: Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McCIintock, San Francisco: W.H.Freeman, 1983.
415
24 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good. P. 117.
25 Dobson J.C. Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives. Dallas: Word Publishing Co., 1991. P. 177; Begley A. Why Men and Women Think Differently //Newsweek. 1995. May 12. P. 51.
26 См.: Fee E. Nineteenth Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull //Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1979.
Vol. 53.
27 Тернер цит. по: South Side Observer. 1896. April 29; Dwyer C.A. The Role of Tests and Their Construction in Producing Apparent Sex-Related Differences // Sex-Related Differences in Cognitive Functioning / Ed. M.Wittig, A.Peterson. New York: Academic Press, 1979. P. 342.
28Н.Гешвинд цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 171. Из числа других авторитетных работ
по гормональным исследованиям см.: Harris G.W Sex Hormones, Brain Development and Brain Function
//Endocrinology. 1965. Vol. 75.
29 Bleier R. Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theory on Women. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
30 Buttery A.W.H., Gray J. Sex Differences in the Development of Spacial and Linguistic Skills // Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance Ed. C.Ounsted, D.C.Taylor. London: Churchill Livingston, 1972; Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain: Behavioral Manifestation and Possible Evolutionary Basis / The Biology of Behavior / Ed. J.A.Kiger. Eugene, Ore.: University of Oregon Press, 1972; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 40.