Обман в науке
Шрифт:
239 ‘Ник Дэвис’: Davies N. Flat Earth News. Chatto amp; Windus, 2008.
247 ‘Исследовательский проект по курению’: Proctor R.N. Schairer and Schoniger’s forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity // Int. J. Epidemiol. № 30. P. 31–34-
248 ‘Джоном Иоаннидисом’: Ioannidis J.P.A. Why most published research findings are false // PLoS Med. 2005. № 2 (8). P. ei24.
255 ‘классическом эксперименте’: Gilovich Т., Vallone R., Tversky A. The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences // Cog. Psych. 1985. № 17. P. 295–314. 257 ‘еще в одном оригинальном эксперименте’: Schaffner Р.Е. Specious learning about reward and punishment // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1985.48 (6) (June). P. 1377–1386.
259 ‘В одном эксперименте’: Snyder М., Cantor N. Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge // J. Exp. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 15. P. 330–342.
260 ‘Классическая демонстрация’: Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 37. P. 2098–2109.
262 ‘В одном из них’: Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability // Cog. Psych. 1973. № 5. P. 207–232.
264 ‘эксперимента Аша’: Asch S.E. Opinions and social pressure // Sci. Am. 1955. № 193. P. 31–35-
266 ‘поведение спортивных команд’: Frank M.G., Gilovich T. The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1988. № 54 (1) (January). P. 74–85.
266 ‘Небезопасно’: Эксперименты, описанные в этой главе, и многие другие можно Найти в книгах Irrationality, Stuart Sutherland и How WeKnow What Isn’t So, Thomas Gilovich.
267 ‘Допустим, что риск’: Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk. Penguin, 2003.
267 ‘Естественная частота’: Butterworth et al. Statistics: what seems natural? Science (4 May 2001): 853.
268 ‘Другие методы’: Hoffrage U., Lindsey S., Hertwig R., Gigerenzer G. Communicating statistical information // Science. 2000. № 290 (5500) (22 December). P. 2261–2262.
268 ‘есть исследования’: Hoffrage U., Gigerenzer G. Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences // Acad. Med. 1998. № 73. P. 538–540.
280 ‘тот же самый тест’: Gigerenzer G. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2000.
281 ‘Давайте свяжем это с насилием’: Szmukler G. Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’ // Psych. Bull. 2003. № 27. P. 205–207.
284 ‘некоторые статистические данные’: www.qurl.com/lucia
289 ‘Статья известного микробиолога’: Manning N., Wilson А.Р., Ridgway G.L. Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital // J. Hosp. Infect. 2.004 (March). № 56 (3). P- 250–251.
295 ‘Крюгер
296 ‘B 1957 году’: Brynner R., Stephens T.D. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine. Perseus Books, 2001.
296 ‘Филипп Найтли’: Excerpted in Pilger J. (ed.). Tell me no Lies. Cape, 2004.
297 ‘Много лет спустя’: Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud // New Scientist. 1993 (27 February).
305 ‘Были исследованы 12 детей’: Wakefield A.J., Murch S.H., Anthony A. et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children // Lancet. 1998. № 351 (9103). P. 637–641.
307 ‘одна из немногих’: e.g. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella // J. Autism. Child. Schizophr. 1971. № 1 (1) (Januaiy-March). P. 33–47.
307 ‘расследуется’:patent.htm
309 ‘включая работников BBC’: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7392510.stm
315 ‘согласно опросу’: Schmidt К., Ernst Е., Andrews. Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325 (7364) (14 September). P. 597.
316 ‘32 %’: Hargreaves I., Lewis J., Speers T. Towards a better map: science, the public and the media // Economic and Social Research Council. 2003.Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm6-5505.pdf
316 ‘максимального освещения’: Boyce T. Health, Risk and News: The MMR Vaccine and the Media. Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2007.
317 ‘опубликовал статью’: Ibid.
317 ‘ни одна’: Durant J., Lindsey N. GM foods and the media. Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5; www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ ldsctech/38/3810.htm
322 ‘систематический обзор’: Smeeth L., Cook C., Fombonne E., Heavey L., Rodrigues L.C., Smith P.G. et al. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study // Lancet. 2004. № 364 (9438). P. 963–969.
324 ‘Это исследование было очень большим’: Madsen К.М., Hviid A.,Vestergaard М., Schendel D., Wohlfahrt J., Thorsen P. et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism // N. Eng. J. Med. 2002. № 347 (19). P. 1477–1482.
326 ‘Ученые в США’:jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/23/nmmr23.xml
329 ‘подобном тому’: Afzal М.А., Ozoemena L.C., O’Hare A. et al. Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK // J. Med. Virology. 2006. № 78; 5: P. 623–630.