Образ человека будущего, Том 7
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In modern economic theories and game theory, Homo economicus is considered as consistently rational and narrowly self-interested agents who usually pursue their subjectively-defined ends optimally. Generally, homo economicus attempts to maximize utility as a consumer and profit as a producer. The modern interpretations of the concept of Homo economicus are considered, for example, in the works of Bruno Frey [Frey, 1992], Wolfgang Stroebe [Stroebe& Frey, 1980], Peter Weise [Weise, 1989], Richard H. Thaler [Thaler, 2000].
The basis for the modern interpretation of Homo economicus was formed in the paper "In Defense of Economic Man: Towards an Integration of Economics and Psychology" by Wolfgang Stroebe (Professor of Psychology) and Bruno S. Frey (Professor of Economics). Analyzing previous interpretation of Homo economicus in economic sciences, the authors came to an understanding that consideration of Homo economicus outside of psychology and its achievements in modern realities is incorrect. The main idea of the paper is "psychological man" who is a close relative of "Homo economicus" [Stroebe& Frey, 1980: 120].
Further developing the main ideas of his predecessors, in his paper "From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens" Richard Thaler argues that, for objective reasons, Homo economicus will become a slower learner [Thaler, 2000: 135-136].That is, unlike the classical interpretations which represent Homo economicus as a formal concept in economic theories, the modern interpretation of Homo economicus has changed qualitatively. We are talking about the possibility of learning Homo economicus and, accordingly, about the distinction of psychological properties in Homo economicus corresponding to Homo Sapiens [Thaler, 2000] or Homo Sociologicus [Weise, 1989].
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Considering modern interpretation of Homo economicus, Thaler comes to an important conclusion that the models of quasi-rational emotional humans and the interpretation of Homo economicus changes significantly due to the fact that the models of rational, unemotional agents, within the boundaries of which Homo economicus is traditionally considered, move to a more complex level [Thaler, 2000]. It is important for our study. In turn, Denys Svyrydenko talks about complex changes of anthropological nature, which was initiated by the "mobility turn" in the life of modern society: "Contemporary society lives at "the coordinates" of mobility and modern individual needs to transform one"s own everyday practices to stay at the advance-guard of the social development, to perform successful carrier steps etc...
According to "mobility turn" at the modern humanities and social sciences, mobility starts being comprehended as part of individual, information, idea, value attribute" [Svyrydenko, 2016: 103]. We think that it is necessary to take this trend into account when we consider the image of Homo economicus in modern education.
Expanding Homo economicus of interpretations from cognitive psychology and neurophilosophy allows us to find classical interpretations originating from the Greek paideia, which Plato was perhaps the first to use the word mold, , for the act [Jaeger, 1946: 314], and not those classical interpretations of this concept, which were given by John Kells Ingram or Peter Weise [Ingram, 1888; Weise, 1989]. It is these interpretations, which later the Romans accumulated in the concept of "humanitas", to transform Homo economicus into a cultural ideal. Therefore, a variety of educational practices, which are written by Werner Jaeger [Jaeger, 1946], Oleg Bazaluk [Bazaluk, 2014], Olga Gomilko [Gomilko et al, 2016], Denys Svyrydenko [Gomilko et al, 2016], are intended to achieve this cultural ideal.
We can cite the scientific study by Daniel Kahneman (the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and Amos Tversky [Choices, 2000] as an example of new interpretations of Homo economicus from the field of cognitive psychology. In this study, the authors discuss the cognitive and the psychophysical determinants of choice in risky and riskless contexts. Furthermore, they propose prospect the theory. Extensions and applications to diverse economic phenomena and to studies of consumer behavior are discussed [Choices, 2000].
We will consider the expansion of the interpretation of Homo economicus by studies from neurosciences using the example of the research paper "Neurophilosophy in the Formation of Planetary-Cosmic Personality" by Oleg Bazaluk [Bazaluk, 2014]. In this paper, the author considers the spectrum of neurophilosophy possibilities in the formation of planetary-cosmic personality. The author considers a human development strategy from neural ensembles to moving forward. He also introduces new concepts and interpretations which are used in neuroscience. These are such concepts as "neural ensembles of subconsciousness and consciousness", "neuroevolution", "Intelligent Matter", "mentality", etc. [Bazaluk, 2014].
Thus, new interpretations of Homo economicus not only radically change its interpretation, but also indicate the direction of further transformation of the concept and scope of application.
Homo economicus reaches new levels of interpretation, if we project it onto the future human image. These levels of interpretation are a creation of "Asgardia" nation state in space.
The role of Homo economicus in the creation of "Asgardia" nation state in space
Concept "Asgardia - the Space Nation" by Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli presented at the press-conference in Paris on October 12, 2016. The project"s concept comprises three parts -
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philosophical, legal and scientific/technological [Ashurbeyli, 2016]. The Asgardia project is being directed by the Vienna-based Aerospace International Research Center, a private company founded by Russian scientist and businessman Dr. Igor Ashurbeiyli.
Asgardia is a new pacifist nation-state in space. This project is interesting for us because its organizers were a businessman and a group of scientists who uses interpretations on the borderline between futurology (and probably phantasy) and economics. "The group says it will open up new opportunities in space for commerce, science and "peoples of all countries on earth" [Scientists Plan, 2016].
In the project"s concept "Asgardia - the Space Nation" it is worth paying attention to the fact that the future human image in it will not be divided into science and technology. Moreover, in this respect, Homo economicus as the future human image is the most suitable in a variety of new interpretations. Volodymyr Khmil and Tetiana Khmil argue that understanding and reasoning of paradigm systems development based on moral constituent of the state is an anchoring point for the reforming state towards human values [Khmil & Khmil, 2015].