118 исторических миниатюр и 108 авторских текстов на 13 иностранных языках. Сборник
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Biographers Heinrich Schliemann more or less amicably are consolidated: a meeting with Millard Fillmore, allegedly, was invented by Schliemann. Schliemann was, it turns out, insufficiently significant person.
And the officer Yu. F. Lisyansky was not the highest military rank (at that time). But he was so considerable figure that had an opportunity to meet and talk to the U.S. President.
Suppose that U.S. presidents communicate with people of different social status.
Let's return to the descriptions of the first Russian circumnavigation. The bias of the authors, the ambiguity of the presented information: this is "bad" or "good"? More probably "good" than "bad": it means that the topic is still of interest, that the topic continues to excite new generations, that the topic is relevant and interesting.
After reading the various books about Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern, comparing the read, the author decided to present some thoughts, conclusions, generalizations in this essay.
The author did not put a task to realize some kind of "equidistance" in relation to two great circumnavigators. Though such "equidistance" - in an ideal - would be desirable. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky come in a history as outstanding people. Kruzenshtern has made a lot of useful both for Russia, and for all world, and for a world science during round-the-world navigation 1803-1806 years and after 1806. At the same time, if in the given essay also will be shown certain "imbalance" in relation to the participants of round-the-world expedition, such "imbalance" will be, nevertheless, natural: on pharmaceutical scales (weighing machine) it isn't possible to weigh information, estimates and opinions.
2. "They project to navigation around the world", "to make more than Laperouse"
"Can you imagine not knowing how and not having the funds to build ships, they design to travel around the world. They have a shortage of everything: can't find for ocean voyage no astronomer, no scientist, no biologist, no decent doctor. With such equipment, even if the sailors and officers were good, what of all this can get good?.. In short, they undertake to make more than Laperouse, who met with considerable difficulties, despite the fact that he and his staff had much greater possibilities. Hope that it will ended well, and I will be very dissatisfied if we lose a dozen fairly good officers, whom at us not so that is a lot of" (From a letter of the Minister of naval forces of the Russian Empire to Ambassador in England (it is quoted on: [2]).
The world's first circumnavigation project probably was formulated and presented for consideration by Ferdinand Magellan on the frontier of 1400 x -1500 x (round the world navigation, the first in world history, organized by the Magellan, was held in period of 1519-1522 (1519-1527)).
Russia was not separated from Western European countries with an insurmountable wall. Anyway, information about the plans of the ocean voyages round the world, and on the implementation of these plans arrived to residents of Russia.
20 Oct 1696 Peter the Great made a proposal through the Boyar Duma: "Sea ships to be...". This date is now honored as the Day of Foundation of the Russian regular Navy [5].
The people, who had seaworthy knowledge of high level, and the professional fleet has appeared.
Since that time, the idea of circumnavigation clearly or latently presents in the minds of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire.
According to I. I. Firsov, the first clear project of organizing a round-the-world voyage with the visits to Kamchatka arose from Vice Admiral Count Nikolai Golovin in connection with the organization of the Bering expedition (1732) [2]. At that time N. Golovin's project found no support.
Circumnavigation became real during the reign of Catherine II. The idea was supported by Alexander Andreyevich Bezborodko (1747-1799), the Secretary of the Empress. Vice President of Admiralty Board, count Ivan Grigoryevich Chernyshev began at his own expense in 1781 the preparation and equipment for circumnavigation.
Captain of the 1st. rank Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed commander of this expedition. In September 1787 the ships of the expedition "were in full readiness to March". However, "September 7, 1787 issued a Manifesto declaring war on Turkey." 4 Oct 1787, captain 1st rank G. I. Mulovsky asked for permission to leave the port for the start of the expedition. There was no answer. 28 Oct 1787 came the Empress's decree about the cancellation of the expedition. In 1789, during the naval battle with the Swedish Navy G. I. Mulovsky died [2].
In some literary sources the authors artistically conjecturing the thoughts and feelings of Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky, other sailors in connection with Mulovsky's (ready-to-be but unsuccessful) expedition. If you follow the path of art modeling, it can be assumed, firstly, that there "syndrome of Mulovsky" appeared ("may break at the last moment"), and, secondly, that "syndrome of Mulovsky" was one of the reasons for an independent (separate from Kruzenshtern) non-stop Lisyansky's ocean journey from Canton (China) to Portsmouth (England).
In 1796 ended the reign of Catherine II. After the failure of the expedition of Mulovsky real attempt to organize the circumnavigation was not renewed in period of the Empress.
Catherine II was replaced at the helm of state by Paul I (Pavel Petrovich). His reign was rather short and controversial. Relations with England became acute. Serious attempts to organize a circumnavigation were not undertaken in the period of his reign.
On 12 March 1801, Alexander I joined the Russian throne.
"Alexander I has put an end to the conflict in the relations with England and Spain - to the conflict, which has inflamed in recent years of the reign of Paul I. Alexander I signed at the same time confidential convention with France. This peace pause was demonstrating intention of Russia to withdraw from participation in Anglo-French military rivalry in Europe and to be engaged in the solution of problems of Russian economic life. This breather has been used for preparation and implementation of actions for strengthening of positions of Russia in the north of the Pacific Ocean and including for the organization of the First Russian round-the-world expedition" [1].