118 исторических миниатюр и 108 авторских текстов на 13 иностранных языках. Сборник
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However, the period of Elizabeth Petrovna's reign passes, and on the throne appears Catherine II, which born in the city of Stettin. She originating from the poor German princely family. In history came in as Catherine the Great. At first glance, it is a paradox.
It's a strange "perseverance of history." The women - is almost totaly. Representatives of "the German environment" - is rather appreciable...
– Ivanov plans to touch on the theme of "coalition" in his essay on Peter the Great. Will the readers become interested in this?
– Ogarkov expressed doubts.
– First, how accurate is this concept?
– Kamensky have reacted.
– Secondly, the volume of "representation" of this concept in the biographical essay can be different.
Thirdly, as spoke to me , at Ivanov among the directions of mental reflections - there is also Siberia in addition, - have answered Kamensky.
– Ivanov may have some grounds for singling out the "European" direction, "Ottoman" direction, "Siberian" direction.
More or less distinctly these directions "appear" during Ivan IV Vasilyevich's era.
If to speak about " the European direction ", what we see?
Actions on the "European direction" into the public consciousness are connected with complex historical associations, thought's links.
Confrontations in this direction were long, the results of confrontations - changeable.
A particularly strong influence on the collective historical memory could have the events of the Livonian war that took place in the era of Ivan IV Vasilyevich.
The duration of the Livonian War of 1558-1583 exceeded 20 years. The Livonian War ended unsuccessfully. Shocks followed, "Time of Troubles", the replacement of the Rurik Dynasty by the Romanov Dynasty.
Perhaps, after all these events, an intuitively cautious attitude toward actions on the "European direction" arose. Perhaps, there was an understanding of the need for the very "coalition", of the need for inclusion in the coalition.
The "Ottoman" direction was preferable for several reasons.
First, two important victories have shown advantage of the European military culture. A victory in 1571 of the joint fleet of a number of the European states (in Sacred league have united:Venice, Spain, the Pope, Malta and a number of the Italian states: Genoa, Naples, Sicily, Savoy, Tuscany, Parma, etc.). A victory near Vienna in 1683.
These victories - with a possibility of tactical defeats - allowed to predict total military superiority of the European coalition.
Secondly, the "Ottoman" direction created a tendency of the European coalition (or the European coalitions).
"Coalition" (the"European coalition") - as a result of the actions in the "Ottoman" direction - had their own (independent) value.
Thirdly, the state apparatus, and army, and broad masses of the population due to historical and other reasons gave a positive assessment for actions on the "Ottoman" direction.
As far as "Siberian" direction is concerned, action has been taken in this direction. With different, of course, levels of energy, vivacity at different times.
For example, the Stroganovs, who explored and mastered Ural and Siberia.
Stroganovs are active during epoch Ivan IV Vasilyevich.
Stroganovs rendered substantial monetary and military assistance to the second people's militia (to the second Volunteer Army).
The Stroganovs provided considerable monetary and food aid to Michael I of Russia (Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov), the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty.
They provided great financial assistance to Peter I during the Northern War.
And not only the name Stroganovs remained in history.
On 21 October (23 August) 1727 (during the reign of Peter the Second), Russia and China signed the Treaty of Kyakhta. It established the Russian-Chinese border from Transbaikalia to the western Say'an.
15 August 1728 (also during the reign of Peter the Second), the Bering Strait between Asia and America was opened.
All events are not enumerated. But will mention, that in 1784 (during the reign of Catherine the great): the merchant G. I. Shelikhov founded the first Russian settlement on Kodiak island (Alaska).
– The singling out of these three "directions"-for what, Mr. Kamensky?
– asked Ogarkov.
– And why not to put forward a working version, Mr. Ogarkov?
– said Kamensky.
– If to accept that long Livonian war for the "European" direction virtually without allies ended not well... If to consider , that the long Livonian war was followed by the "Time of Troubles", the change of dynasties and other adverse events...
Has the concepts of "peacefulness" (desire for peace) and "coalition" (understanding of importance of the coalition) have appeared in public consciousness (at least, on "the European direction")?
Peacefulness is largely a female quality.
Anna Ioannovna and Catherine the Great on the "European" track were quite peace-loving.
Catherine II participated as part of the coalitions in the partitions of Poland, providing a clear advantage.