Wiki-правительство: Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее

Новек Бет

37. E-Government Act of 2002, H. R. 2458/S. 803, section 206.

38. Beth S. Noveck, “The Electronic Revolution in Rulemaking,” Emory Law Journal 53 (2004): 433.

39. Daniel C. Esty, “Environmental Protection in the Information Age,” New York University Law Review 79 (2004): 172.

40. См.: Stuart W. Shulman and others, “Electronic Rulemaking: A Public Participation Research Agenda for the Social Sciences,” Social Science Computer Review 21 (2003): 163–64; Code of Federal Regulations 36, sec. 219.9.

41. Government Accountability Office, “Electronic Rulemaking: Efforts to Facilitate Public Participation Can Be Improved,” GA-03–901 (2003).

42. Cary Coglianese, “Citizen Participation in Rulemaking: Past, Present, and Future,” Duke Law Journal 55 (2006): 954.

43. Orly Lobel, “The Renew Deal,” Minnesota Law Review 89 (2004): 342; for a citation,

см.: Paul S. Berman, “Global Legal Pluralism,” Southern California Law Review 80 (2007): 1155.

44. См., например: David Schoenbrod, Saving Our Environment from Washington: How Congress Grabs Power, Shirks Responsibility, and Shortchanges the People (Yale University Press, 2006).

45. Breaking the Logjam (www1.law.nyu.edu/conferences/btl/index.html [October 2008]).

46. Angus Macbeth and Gary Marchant, “Improving the Government’s Environmental Science,” New York University Environmental Law Journal (forthcoming) (available at www1.law.nyu.edu/conferences/btl/index.html).

47. Cass R. Sunstein, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge (Oxford University Press, 2006).

48. См.: Kenneth J. Arrow and others, “Statement on Prediction Markets,” AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, May 2007 [October 2008]); эти авторы определяют рынки предсказаний как «рынки контрактов, которые дают выплаты, основанные на результатах неопределенного события в будущем, такого, например, как президентские выборы»; см. также James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005); Sunstein, Infotopia.

49. Steve Lohr, “Betting to Improve the Odds: Companies Use Prediction Markets to Funnel Ideas from the Work Force,” New York Times, April 9, 2008, p. H1.

50. Iowa Electronic Markets (www.biz.uiowa.edu/iem/ [October 2008]); Hollywood Stock Exchange (www.hsx.com [October 2008]).

51. Media Predict (www.mediapredict.com [October 2008]).

52. Kluster (www.kluster.com [October 2008]).

53. Philip Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? (Princeton University Press, 2005).

54. Roberto Unger, What Should Legal Analysis Become? (London: Verso, 1999), p. 39.

55. Gary E. Marchant and Andrew Askland, “GM Foods: Potential Public Consultation and Participation Mechanisms,” Jurimetrics 44 (2003), p. 101.

56. Ibid.

57. См.: Beth S. Noveck and David R. Johnson, “Breaking the Logjam: An Environmental Law for the 21st Century,” New York University Environmental Law Journal, 17 (2009).

58. Danah Boyd, “Can Social Network Sites Enable Political Action?” in Rebooting America, edited by Allison Fine and others (New York: Personal Democracy Press, 2008).

59. Bureau of Labor Statistics, news release, “Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth among the Youngest Baby Boomers: Results from a Longitudinal Survey,” June 28, 2008.

60. Irving Wladawsky-Berger, “Social Networks and Organizational Governance,” October 15, 2007 (blog.irvingwb.com/blog/2007/10/social-networks.html [October 2008]).

61. Irving Wladawsky-Berger, “Participatory Governance,” October 11, 2008, (blog.irvingwb.com/blog/2008/10/participatory-governance.html [October 2008]).

Глава 7

1. Scott Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007), p. xvii.

2. Clean Air Act, 42 U. S. C. 7401 (2006).

3. Clean Air Act, 42 U. S. C. 7408 (2) (2006).

4. Danish Board of Technology, “Consensus Conference” (www.tekno.dk/subpage.php3?article=468&toppic=kategori12&language=uk [October 2008]).

5. David Chartier, “Social Networks Exploding: May Appear in Government,” ArsTechnica, October 26, 2008 (arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20081026-studies-social-networks-exploding-could-outmode-government.html [October 2008]).

6. Руководство

для участия граждан Wiki Policing Act of 2008, см.: www.e.govt.nz/policy/participation/guide-to-online-participation.

7. For the Melbourne Ten-Year Plan Wiki, см.: www.futuremelbourne.com.au.

8. Carmen Sirianni, Investing in Democracy: Civic Engagement and Collaborative Governance (Brookings, 2009), p. 77.

9. Barack Obama, “Science, Technology, and Innovation for a New Generation,” November 14, 2007 (www.barackobama.com/pdf/issues/technology/Fact_Sheet_Innovation_and_Technology.pdf [October 2008]).

Глава 8

1. “If the Earth Were a Sandwich” (www.zefrank.com/sandwich/ [October 2008]).

2. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), pp. 36, 41, 46–47.

3. Thomas Dietz and Paul C. Stern, eds., Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making (Washington: National Research Council, 2008), pp. 9–3, 9–7.

4. См.: Richard Farson, The Power of Design (Norcross, Ga.: Greenway Communications, 2006).

5. R. Buckminster Fuller, Your Private Sky (Frankfurt: Springer Verlag, 2001), p. 256.

6. MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, 545 U. S. 913 (2005).

7. Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation, 336 F. 3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003).

8. Stewart v. Blackwell, 444 F. 3d 843 (2006).

9. Hannah Arendt, Crisis of the Republic (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1972), p. 143.

10. Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values (Yale University Press, 1951).

11. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492 – Present (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 251.