Wiki-правительство: Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее

Новек Бет

10. См.:(October 2008).

11. “Third-Party Submission in Published Application,” 37 Code of Federal Regulations 1.99 (September 20, 2000).

12. “Image file wrapper,” U. S. Patent 20070118658 [October 2008]).

13. Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Cambridge, Mass.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 30.

14. Бэйленсон – основатель Virtual Human Interaction Lab [October 2008]). Его работы можно найти на том же сайте [October 2008]).

15. Aaron Britt, “On Language: Avatar,” New York Times, August 10, 2008, p. MM12.

16. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Social Influence,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2008) [October 2008]).

17. Joan Morris DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction through Visual Reflections of Social Behavior,” Ph. D. dissertation, MIT, 2005; Joan DiMicco and Walter Bender, “Group Reactions to Visual Feedback Tools,” paper prepared for the Second International Conference on Persuasive Technology, April 26–27, 2007, Stanford.

Ее работы см.: www.joandimicco.com (October 2008).

18. DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction,” p. 15.

19. WNYC, Brian Lehrer Show, “30 Issues in 30 Days” (www.wnyc.org/30issues [October 2008]). Использовались инструменты wiki, темы были определены заранее, голосование шло по результатам обсуждения в эфире. Проект был реализован в октябре 2008 г.

20. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

21. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004).

22. Noah D. Zatz, “Sidewalks in Cyberspace: Making Space for Public Forums in the Electronic Environment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 12 (1998): 149.

23. Joi Ito, “Leadership in World of Warcraft,” March 13, 2006 (joi.ito.com/weblog/2006/03/13/leadership-in-w.html [October 2008]).

24. Conference, Convergence of the Real and Virtual, May 9–11, 2008 (mysite.verizon.net/wsbainbridge/convergence.htm [October 2008]).

25. John Seely Brown and Josh Thomas, “The Gamer Disposition,” Harvard Business Review Online, February 14, 2008 (conversationstarter.hbsp.com/2008/02/the_gamer_disposition.html [October 2008]).

26. “The Group Brain Project” [October 2008]).

27. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

28. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007). См. также: Ray Reagans and Ezra Zuckerman, “Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams,” Organization Science 12 (2001): 502; Jose Ramasco, “Social Inertia and Diversity in Collaboration Networks,” European Physical Journal: Special Topics 143 (2007): 47–50.

29. Northwestern Law School, “Northwestern Law Announces Accelerated JD, Other Proposals,” news release, June 20, 2008 (www.law.northwestern.edu/news/newsdisplay.cfm?ID=191 [October 2008]).

30. Stephen M. Kosslyn, “On the Evolution of Human Motivation: The Role of Social Prosthetic Systems,” in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by S. M. Platek, T. K. Shackleford, and J. P. Keenan (MIT Press, 2006), p. 546.

31. Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, Nudge (Yale University Press, 2008).

Это важное исследование поведенческой экономики иллюстрирует идею выбора архитектуры (характеристики, которые влияют на нашу склонность делать определенный выбор). См. также: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, Science 211 (1981): 453–458.

32. “Godwin’s Law” [October 2008]).

33. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006), p. 144; “Slashdot FAQ: Comments and Moderation” [October 2008]).

34. Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody (New York: Penguin, 2008), p. 291.

35. Nancy Scola, “Public Submitted Thousands of Debate Questions Online, Not Millions (Updated),” October 8, 2008 (www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31240 [October 2008]).

36. Netroots Nation, “Questions for Nancy Pelosi” (www.askthespeaker.org [October 2008]).

37. Ed O’Keefe, “Obama Asks Dean to Drop Restrictions on Debates” (voices.washingtonpost.com/channel-08/2007/05/obama_asks_dean_to_waive_copyri.html [October 2008]). См. также: Lawrence Lessig, “Free Debates: Round Two” (www.lessig.org/blog/2008/09/free_debates_round_two.html).

38. “E-Petitions” (petitions. number10.gov.uk/[October 2008]).

39. Neil Franklin, e-petitions project manager, interview by author, September 12, 2008.

40. “Feedback scores, stars, and your reputation” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/scores-reputation.html [October 2008]) (description of ratings system). См. также: “What Is Feedback and How Does It Affect My Reputation?” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/questions/feedback.html [October 2008]).

41. Peter Kollock, “The Production of Trust in Online Markets,” in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 16, edited by E. J. Lawler and others (Greenwich, Conn.: Elsevier, 1999). Разделение двух сторон сделки во времени или пространстве (например, покупка по почте или в кредит) несет большой риск: сторона, которая является второй в сделке, должна считаться надежной или потребуются какие-то иные гарантии. Формальная инфраструктура по управлению рисками довольно велика и включает в себя компании, выпускающие кредитные карты, структуры, определяющие кредитный рейтинг, независимые аудиторские фирмы, и – если дела идут плохо – налоговые органы и организации, осуществляющие правосудие.

42. International Business Machines, “IBM Sets Record for Most U. S. Patents Earned in One Year, Announces the ‘Inventors Forum’ to Collaborate with Small and Mid-Size Enterprises,” news release, January 11, 2007 (www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20868.wss [October 2008]).

43. President’s Commission on the Patent System, “To Promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts” (1966), p. 73.

44. Michael Liedtke, “Microsoft Backs Novell’s Linux Platform” (www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-11-02-windows-linux_x.htm?POE=TECISVA [October 2008]).