Гражданская война, террор и бандитизм (Систематизация социологии и социальная динамика)

Райхлин Раддай

threatened by the invading Vandals, who supported the rival sect

of Arian Christians, Saint AUGUSTINE devised the doctrine of the

Just War, a doctrine that has been sustained by institutional

Christianity ever since.

The pacifist strain did not entirely vanish from the Christian

tradition in the Middle Ages. It emerged in such medieval sects as

the ALBIGENSES and the BOGOMILS, some of whom renounced the use of

violence. After the Reformation, pacifism was adopted by a number

of western European sects, including the MENNONITES, the Quakers

or Society of FRIENDS, and some of the ANABAPTISTS. In

17th-century Russia the Great Schism in the Orthodox church

encouraged the emergence of radical sects such as the DOUKHOBORS

and the Molokans, who opposed participation in war and employed

passive resistance against the authorities seeking to coerce them.

Among Christian pacifists, a distinction must be made between

those who resist participation in war merely to save their

consciences, as is the case with sects that preach withdrawal from

the world in anticipation of the Second Coming of Christ, and

those who see their pacifism as part of an attempt to transform

the world here and now, as do the Quakers. In the late 17th

century the Quakers fought a painful campaign against the English

law forbidding dissenters to meet publicly; nearly 400 Quakers

died in the pestilential prisons of the time. The Quakers provide

one of the early examples of a successful nonviolent movement.

NONVIOLENT POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

Pacifism emerged from its religious context and became a political

philosophy during the 19th century. One wing of American

abolitionists, led by William Lloyd GARRISON, preached the use of

nonviolent methods in the fight against slavery. Many of the

suffragettes who struggled for women's rights in Britain and North

America adopted nonviolent resistance. Count Leo TOLSTOI, after

his conversion to a radical kind of Christianity, advocated a

pacifist rejection of war and advocated methods of CIVIL

DISOBEDIENCE as an alternative to violent revolution in books such

as The Kingdom of God Is Within You. A Tolstoian movement

developed in tsarist Russia, surviving for some time after the

Revolution of 1917.

Nineteenth-century socialists were often antimilitarist in the

sense that they opposed capitalist or imperialist wars. They took

part in the various peace organizations that held international

congresses during the century. Many socialists advocated an

international general strike should a war break out, but when

World War I began in 1914 the only resistance came from dedicated

pacifists and a few revolutionary socialists. The labor movements

on both sides abandoned their internationalism and supported their

own governments.

The horrors of World War I led to a great upsurge of pacifist

sentiment in the West. International pacifist organizations such

as the Fellowship of Reconciliation flourished. In Britain the

students at Oxford University passed a resolution pledging not to

fight "for king and country," and the Peace Pledge Union founded

in 1935 had gained a membership of 133,000 by 1937, including such

distinguished names as Aldous HUXLEY, Benjamin BRITTEN, and

Siegfried SASSOON. Most of this resistance melted when war

actually came in 1939. Pacifism swelled again in the 1960s: in

Britain mass demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience were

organized by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and in the

United States the Vietnam War brought widespread resistance. The

pacifism of the 1960s attracted many nonpacifists who turned to

nonviolent forms of action because they were expedient.

Absolute pacifists have always been a small minority; perhaps few

people are capable of the austere control of passions that,

according to Gandhi, is necessary for the true pacifist. Although

pacifist resistance has yet to succeed in stopping a war,

movements using nonviolent methods in peacetime have been able to

gain political and social ends where other movements have failed.

With the exception of the one in Romania, the popular campaigns

that succeeded in overturning the Communist regimes of Eastern

Europe in 1989 were for the most part remarkably nonviolent.

George Woodcock

Цитата

через чур длинная, но я дал е° полное изложение, чтобы съэкономить себе работу. Цель этого раздела показать, что вс° разнообразие борцов за ?мир?, ?права?, ?равенство?, ?против? и тому подобное можно свести к одному стереотипу, вс° к тому же ?интернационалисту?. Данный раздел следовало бы пустить сразу за описанием ?интернационалиста?, поскольку нет никакой разницы между ?интернационалистом? и ?пацифистом?. Борьба ?интернационалистов? вроде Льва Троцкого против ?империалистических? войн свидетельствует об этом. Широкую поддержку получали ?пацифисты? от советской власти , которая использовала их в качестве подрывного элемента в странах Запада. ?Пацифисты?, как и ?интернационалисты? борются против своей страны и против своего нарда. Особенность ?пацифистов? только в лозунгах. Я указывал, что шантаж это уже террор. Разного рода демонстрации даже без мордобития организованные ?пацифистами? или иного рода борцами являются разновидностью шантажа. Напомню, что ?большевики? не покушались на жизнь царя и его министров, но от этого они не стали ничуть не лучше своих конкурентов террористов эсеров.