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8 "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism", in Nussbaum et al, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism(Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 4; Amy Gutmann, "Democratic Citizenship", in ibid.,p. 68-69; Richard Sennett, "America Is Better off Without a 'National Identity,'" International Herald Tribune,31 January 1994, p. 6.
9 Robert D. Kaplan, "Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood", Atlantic Monthly,278 (September 1996), p. 81; Bruce D. Porter, "Can
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American Democracy Survive?" Commentary,96 (November 1993), p. 37.
10 Mehran Kamrava, The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy(London: Praeger, 1992), p. 1; James Barber, "South Africa: The Search for Identity", International Affairs,70 (January 1994); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, China's Quest for National Identity(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Timothy Ka-Ying Wong and Milan Tung-Wen Sun, "Dissolution and Reconstruction of National Identity: The Experience of Subjectivity in Taiwan", Nations and Nationalism,4 (April 1998); Gilbert Rozman, "A Regional Approach to Northeast Asia", Orbis,39 (Winter 1995); Robert D. Kaplan, "Syria: Identity Crisis", Atlantic Monthly,271 (February 1993); New York Times,10 September 2000, p. 2, 25 April 2000, p. A3; Conrad Black, "Canada's Continuing Identity Crisis", Foreign Affairs,74 (March/April 1995), p. 95-115; "Algeria's Destructive Identity Crisis", Washington Post National Weekly Edition,31 January — 6 February 1994, p. 19; Boston Globe,10 April 1991, p. 9; Anthony DePalma, "Reform in Mexico: Now You See It", New York Times,12 September 1993, p. 4E; Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East(New York: Schocken, 1998).
11 Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World(University Park,: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics(London: Hurst, 1996).
12 Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model", Comparative Politics,2 (April 1970), p. 351.
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13 Charles Tilly, "Reflections on the History of European State-Making", in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.
14 Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, "Armed Conflict, 1989-1999", Journal of Peace Research,39 (September 2000), p. 638.
15 Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean,15 June 1997, p. 10.
16 Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance(Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis(New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, "Against Identity", New Republic,28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity(New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish(New York: Knopf, 1998).
17 Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security", in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.
18 K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes,p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, "Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour" in Tajfel, H., ed., "Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations", European Monographs in Social Psychology,no. 14 , (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27-60.
19 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationatism(New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.
20 Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", International Organization,49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.
21 Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, "Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination", CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994),
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p. 1; Andre Malraux, Man's Fate(New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy", Atlantic Monthly,273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, "Why War?", in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud(London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199-215.
22 Vamik D. Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", Political Psychology,6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships(Northvale, N.J. : J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162-177.
23 Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", p. 242; Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies" p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society(New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203-4; Economist,7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, "Approaching Hate", p. 4-6, 8, 11 citing Margaret Wetherell, "Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations", in Henri Tajfel, ed., Social Identity and Intergroup Relations,(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220-21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation,(New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110-12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes(New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.
24 Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", p. 243-44.
25 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism,p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies,p. 88, 94-95, 103.
26 Michael Howard, "War and the Nation-State", Daedalus,108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.
27 R. R. Palmer, "Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War", in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.