Разрушители. Грибки и грядущая пандемия

Моноссон Эмили

16 Pierce G. White Pine Blister Rust First Report Reference // Phy topathology 7. 1917. Р. 224–225.

17 Benedict. History.

18 Maloy O.C. White Pine Blister Rust. The Plant Health Instruc tor, 2003. https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/fungalbasidio/pdlessons/Pages/WhitePine.aspx.

19 Tattar T. Rust Diseases // Diseases of Shade Trees. Academic Press, 1989. Р. 168–188,Invasive Species Compendium. Cronartium ribicola (White Pine Blister Rust). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16154.

20

Подробнее о роли грибков см.: Simard S. Finding the Mother Tree. New York: Knopf, 2021.

21 Рассказывая о том, как растут деревья, Алекс Шиго пишет: «По сути, они каждый год выращивают новое дерево поверх старого». Shigo. Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees // Scientific American, April 1, 1985. Р. 96.

22 Aronson A. Here’s What Things Cost 100 Years Ago: Grocery Items // Country Living, July 30, 2020. https://www.countryliving.com/life/g33398396/what-things-cost-100-years-ago/?slide=3.

23 Frost W.O. Synopsis of Blister Rust Control Work in Maine – 1932 // Blister Rust News. February 1933. Vol. 17–18. Р. 20.

24 Benedict. History. Р. 15.

25 Джеральд Барнс, личная переписка. Барнс любезно предоставил мне черновик своих неопубликованных мемуаров, который я получила в январе 2021 года.

26 Rankin J. Bad Vibes from Ribes – The Outside Story // Northern Woodlands, January 14, 2013. https://northernwoodlands.org/outside_story/article/bad-vibes-ribes.

27 Munck I.A. et al. Impact of White Pine Blister Rust on Resistant Cultivated Ribes and Neighboring Eastern White Pine in New Hampshire // Plant Disease 99. March 4, 2015. № 10. Р. 1374–1382; Landscape: White Pine Blister Rust and Ribes Species // Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Greener Grass Farm. State Legality of Gooseberry and Currant Berry (Laws Regarding Plants in the Ribes Genus). February 8, 2015. https://thegreenergrassfarm.com/2015/02/08/forbidden-fruit-2-state-by-state-legality-of-gooseberry-and-currant-berry-laws-regarding-plants-in-the-ribes-genus/.

28 Munck et al. Impact of White Pine Blister Rust; Landscape: White Pine Blister Rust.

29 Geils B.W., Hummer K.E., Hunt R.S. White Pines, Ribes and Blister Rust: A Review and Synthesis // Forest Pathology 40. 2010. № 3–4. Р. 147–185; State Legality of Gooseberry and Currant Berry.

30 Keane et al. RangeWide Restoration Strategy. Р. 31.

31 Диана Томбек, интервью автору, 13 мая 2020 года; Tomback. Clark’s Nutcracker: Agent of Regeneration // Whitebark Pine Communities. Р. 89–104; Tomback. Dispersal of Whitebark Pine Seeds by Clark’s Nutcracker: A Mutualism Hypothesis // Journal of Animal Ecology 51. April 22, 1982. № 2.Р. 451–467.

32

Томбек, интервью, 1 октября 2019 года. Томбек однажды подсчитала, что кедровки собирают десятки тысяч семян за сезон. По ее данным, количество семян, вынимаемых и прячущихся одной птицей, составляет поразительные 32 тысячи. По другой оценке, птицы закладывают в тайники в три раза больше.

33 Tomback D.F. The Foraging Strategies of Clark’s Nutcracker // Living Bird 16. 1978. Р. 123–161.

34 Gibson K., Kegley S., Bentz B. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 2: Mountain Pine Beetle // USDA Forest Service. May 2009. Р. 1–12.

35 Buotte P. et al. Climate Influences on Whitebark Pine Mortality from Mountain Pine Beetle in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem // Eco logical Applications 26. July 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1396.

36 Davis D. Historical Significance of American Chestnut to Appalachian Culture and Ecology // Restoration of American Chestnut to Forest Lands, eds by Kim Steiner and John Carson. Asheville: North Carolina Arboretum, 2004. Р. 53–60.

37 Там же.

38 New York Zoological Society. Annual Report. 1898. Р. 45. https://archive.org/details/annualreportnewy31898newy/page/44/mode/2up.

39 New York Zoological Society. Annual Report. 1903. Р. 64/ https://archive.org/details/annualreportnewy81903newy/page/64/mode/2up.

40 Merkel H. A Deadly Fungus on the American Chestnut // New York Zoological Society, Annual Report. 1905. Р. 97–103. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45339#page/105/mode/1up.

41 Freinkel S. American Chestnut: The Life, Death and Rebirth of a Perfect Tree. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

42 Merkel. Deadly Fungus. Р. 100.

43 Freinkel. American Chestnut. Р. 30.

44 Merkel. Deadly Fungus. Р. 101–102.

45 Campbell C. et al. The Formative Years of Plant Pathology. St. Paul, MN: APS Press, 1999. Р. 162.

46 Ayers P. Alexis Millardet: France’s Forgotten Mycologist // Mycologist 18. 2004. Р. 23–26.

47 Lamichhane J.R. et al. Thirteen Decades of Antimicrobial Copper Compounds Applied in Agriculture: A Review // Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38. 2018. № 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0503-9.

48 Johnson G.F. The Early History of Copper Fungicides // Agricultural History 9. February 19, 1935. № 2.Р. 67–79.

49 Farr D.F., Rossman A.Y. Fungal Databases // US National Fungus Collections, Agricultural Research Service, USDA. https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.