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183 Curti, Roots of American Loyalty,p. 190.
184 Zelinsky, p. 29, 56, 150; Bessie Louise Pierce, Civic Attitudes in American School Textbooks(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 254.
185 Zelinsky, Nation into State,p. 86-88.
186 Catherine Albanese, "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly,26 (1974), p. 389; Zelinsky, Nation into State,p. 74.
187 Zelinsky, Nation into State,p. 204-5.
188 Ibid., p. 202-3; O'Leary, To Die For,p. 201-24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present(New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State,p.202-3.
189 O'Leary, To Die For,p. 233-234, citing Halter v. Nebraska205 U. S. 34-46 and quoting Halter et at. v. State105 Northwestern Reporter,p. 298-301.
190 J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18th – Century America(New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts(New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.
191 Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin(New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak, Further
597
Reflections on Ethnicity(Middletown, PA: Jednota Press,1977),p.59.
192 Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace(Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956); Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples(New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).
193 Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.
194 Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, "A Multicultural Nationalism", American Prospect,no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.
195 Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 137, 142-47.
196 Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life,p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925(New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.
197 Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education(New York: John Wiley,
1975), p. 6-7.
198 Louis Brandeis, Address, Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 4, 1919, quoted in John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans(New York: Free Press, 1998).
199 John F. McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", Prologue,10 (Spring 1978), p. 24; Ronald Fernandez, "Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", The Journal of Ethnic Studies,9 (Summer 1981), p. 61.
200 Carlson, The Quest for Conformityp. 113; Edward George Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant(New York: Columbia University Press 1948), p. 92; Henry Ford, quoted in Otis L. Graham and Elizabeth Koed, "Americanizing the Immigrant, Past and Future", The Social
598
Contract,4 (Winter 1993-94), p. 101; Gerd Korman, Industrialization, Immigrants and Americanization(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 147, 158-59; Higham, Strangers in the Land,p. 244-45.
201 Higham, Strangers in the Land,p. 249.
202 Carlson, The Quest for Conformity,p. 89-90.
203 John F. McClymer, "The Americanization Movement and the Education of the Foreign-Born Adult, 1914-25", in Bernard J. Weiss, ed., American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840-1940(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 98; McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", p. 40; Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant,p. 64ff.
204 Miller, The Unmaking of Americans,p. 221, 223.
205 Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860(New York: Hill Wang 1983), p. 161-62.
206 Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America(New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 54.
207 Joel M. Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools(Stark, KS: De Young Press 1996), p.l; McClymer", The Americanization Movement", p. 103; Miller, The Unmaking of Americans,p. 49; Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools,p. 51-52; Carlson, The Quest for Conformity,p. 114; Reed Ueda, "When Assimilation Was the American Way", Washington Post, 2April 1995, p. R10.
208 Curti, Roots of American Loyalty,p. 223ff; Paul
209 Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation(New York: Knopf, 1952), p. 527, quoted in Gleason, Speaking of Diversity,p. 175.
210 Gleason , Speaking of Diversity,p. 175; Arthur A. Stein, The Nation at War(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 92; Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups(Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 47; Albert